Historical development on structure of atom; Bohr’s model, H-atom spectrum; black body radiation; photoelectric effect (qualitative treatment only); The dual behaviour and uncertainty.

Quantum mechanical approach to atomic structure: concept of wave function, well behaved function, operator, normalised and orthogonal wave functions, Schrodinger wave equation, eigenfunction, Significance of ψ and ψ², Schrodinger equation of hydrogen atom (no derivation), radial and angular wave functions for hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p, d and f orbitals. Probability distribution, quantum numbers, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity, Aufbau’s principle and its limitations, Variation of orbital energy with atomic number.

Periodicity of the elements: Effective nuclear charge; Slater’s Rule; covalent and ionic radii, ionization energies, electronegativity (various scales), electron affinities.

General characteristics of ionic compounds; lattice and solvation energy; Born Lande equation; Kapustinski equation, Madelung constant, Born Haber cycle for lattice energy calculation.

Nature of bonding: hybridization of atomic orbitals (qualitative VB and MO approach); effect of hybridization on bond properties.

Configuration and conformation of organic molecules; Representation of organic molecules in 2D and 3D (Fischer, Flying wedge, Newman and Sawhorse projection formulae and their interconversions); geometrical isomerism (cis-trans, syn-anti, E/Z notations); concept of chirality (enantiomers, diastereomers and meso structures); Relative and absolute configuration: D/L and R/S designations; barriers to rotation, Baeyer strain theory, conformational analysis (ethane, butane, cyclohexane).

Electronic effects in organic molecules: inductive effects; resonance, conjugation and delocalization, hyperconjugation and their application; dipole moment; Concept of electrophiles and nucleophiles.

Causes of deviation from ideal gas behaviour, compressibility factor, Z, and its variation with pressure and temperature for different gases. State variables and equation of states for real gases; vander Waals equation of state, its derivation and applications, examples, Equation of state and isotherm. Critical state and phenomena, critical point, relation between critical constants and vander-Waals constants: along with their thermodynamic interpretation. Introduction to virial equation and virial coefficients, derivation of Boyle temperature.

Qualitative treatment of the structure of the liquid state. Physical properties of liquids: vapour pressure, surface tension coefficient of viscosity, and their determination, effect of temperature and comparison with that of gases. Effect of addition of various solutes on surface tension and viscosity. micelle formation and critical micelle concentration.

Introduction to Analytical Chemistry and its interdisciplinary nature. Concept of sampling. Importance of accuracy, precision and sources of error in analytical measurements. Presentation of experimental data and results, from the point of view of significant figures.

Estimation of metal ions from aqueous solution, geometrical isomer, keto-enol tautomers, determination of metal complex composition using Job's method of continuous variation and mole ratio method.

Composition of soil, Concept of pH and pH measurement, Complexometric titrations, Chelation, Chelating agents, use of indicators

• Determination of pH of soil samples.
• Estimation of Calcium and Magnesium ions as Calcium carbonate by complexometric titration.

Definition of pure water, sources responsible for contaminating water, water sampling methods, water purification methods.

• Determination of pH, acidity and alkalinity of a water sample.
• Determination of dissolved oxygen (DO) of a water sample.

Nutritional value of foods, idea about food processing and food preservations and adulteration.

• Identification of adulterants in some common food items like coffee powder, asafoetida, chilli powder, turmeric powder, coriander powder and pulses, etc.
• Analysis of preservatives and colouring matter

Definition, general introduction on principles of chromatography, paper chromatography, TLC etc.

• Paper chromatographic separation of mixture of metal ion (Fe³⁺and Al³⁺)
• To compare paint samples by TLC method